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Assemblywoman Jasmine Lee of South Korea attended a joint wedding for 20 multicultural couples in Seoul.
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Demographic Shifts Redefine What It Means to Be Korean
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SEOUL, South Korea — Jasmine Lee realizes just how Korean she¡¯s become when she breaks out in the language, forgetting that her Filipino mother on the other end of the phone can¡¯t understand her.
³²ÇÑÀÇ ¼­¿ï – ÀÚ½º¹Î ¸®´Â ÀüÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ Çʸ®ÇÉ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿Í ´ëÈ­ÇÒ ¶§ ±×³àÀÇ Çʸ®ÇÉ ¾î¸Ó´Ï°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÀØÀº ä Çѱ¹¾î·Î ¸»À» ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§ ±×³à°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª Çѱ¹ÀÎÈ­ µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ±ú´Ý°ï ÇÑ´Ù.

But she is reminded of the limits of assimilation when Koreans, impressed by her fluency, comment: ¡°You sound more Korean than Koreans do.¡±
±×·¯³ª ±×³à´Â Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ ±×³àÀÇ À¯Ã¢ÇÑ Çѱ¹¾î ½Ç·Â¿¡ °¨¸íÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¡°Çѱ¹Àκ¸´Ù ´õ Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ Àß ±¸»çÇÏ´Â ±º¿ä¡±¶ó´Â ¸»À» ÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù Çѱ¹»çȸ¿¡ µ¿È­µÇ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇѰ踦 ´À³¢°Ô µÈ´Ù. 
 

South Korea is facing the prospect of becoming a multiethnic society.
³²ÇÑÀº ´Ù¹ÎÁ· »çȸ°¡ µÉ Àü¸ÁÀÌ´Ù.

One of every 10 marriages in the country now involves a foreign spouse.
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Ms. Lee, 35, who was born Jasmine Bacurnay in the Philippines, made history in April when she became the first naturalized citizen — and the first non-ethnic Korean — to win a seat in South Korea¡¯s National Assembly.
Çʸ®ÇÉ¿¡¼­ ž 35»ì Jasmine Bacurnay¾¾´Â ±ÍÈ­½Ã¹ÎÀ¸·Î¼­ Áö³­ 4¿ù ³²ÇÑÀÇ ±¹°¡ ÀÇȸ¿¡¼­ ù ºñ¹ÎÁ· Çѱ¹ÀÇ¿øÀ¸·Î ´ç¼±µÇ¾î »õ·Î¿î ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.

Her election reflected one of the most significant demographic shifts in the country¡¯s modern history, a change Ms. Lee says ¡°Koreans understand with their brain, but have yet to embrace with their heart.¡±
±×³àÀÇ ´ç¼±Àº ±×³à°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °Íó·³ ¡°Çѱ¹ÀÎÀÌ ¸Ó¸®·Î´Â ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸¶À½À¸·Î Æ÷¿ëÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº¡± º¯È­, Áï Çѱ¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ë ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Àα¸ÇÐÀû º¯È­ Áß Çϳª¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù.

Only a decade ago, school textbooks still urged South Koreans to take pride in being of ¡°one blood¡± and ethnically homogeneous.
°Ü¿ì ½Ê³âÂë Àü¿¡µµ Çб³ ±³°ú¼­¿¡¼­´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ³²ÇÑÀÎÀÌ ¡°ÇϳªÀÇ Ç÷Å롱À» °¡Áö¸ç ´ÜÀÏ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÎ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀںνÉÀ» °¡Áö¶ó°í ¼³µæÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù.

Now, the country is facing the prospect of becoming a multiethnic society.
ÀÌÁ¦, ÀÌ ³ª¶ó´Â ´Ù¹ÎÁ·»çȸ°¡ µÉ Àü¸ÁÀÌ´Ù.
 
While the foreign-born population is still small compared with countries with a tradition of immigration, it¡¯s enough to challenge how South Koreans see themselves.
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¡°It¡¯s time to redefine a Korean,¡± said Kim Yi-seon, chief researcher on multiculturalism at the government-financed Korean Women¡¯s Development Institute.
Á¤ºÎÀç¿øÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ´Â Çѱ¹¿©¼ºÁ¤Ã¥¿¬±¸¿øÀÇ °¡Á·․´Ù¹®È­Á¤Ã¥ ¼¾ÅÍÀå ±èÀ̼±¾¾´Â ¡°Çѱ¹ÀÎÀ» ÀçÁ¤ÀÇÇÒ ½Ã±â°¡ ¿Ô´Ù¡±°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

¡°Traditionally, a Korean meant someone born to Korean parents in Korea, who speaks Korean and has Korean looks and nationality. People don¡¯t think someone is a Korean just because he has a Korean citizenship.¡±
¡°ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î, Çѱ¹ÀÎÀº Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ Çѱ¹ÀÎ ºÎ¸ð¿¡°Ô¼­ ž, Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ ±¸»çÇÏ°í Çѱ¹ÀÎÀÇ ¿Ü¸ð¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç Çѱ¹±¹ÀûÀ» °¡Áø ÀÚ¸¦ ÀǹÌÇß´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ÜÁö ´©±º°¡°¡ Çѱ¹ÀÎ ½Ã¹Î±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í Çؼ­ ±×¸¦ Çѱ¹ÀÎÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.¡±

Among the factors driving this development is the influx of women from Southeast Asia who have come to marry rural South Korean men who have difficulty attracting Korean women willing to embrace country life.
¿À´Ã³¯ ÀÌ·± Çö»óÀ» ²ø°í ¿Â ¿äÀο¡´Â ½Ã°ñ»ýÈ°À» °¨³»ÇÒ Çѱ¹ ¿©¼ºÀ» ã´Âµ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ½Ã°ñ ³²ÇÑ ³²¼º°ú °áÈ¥Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³²µ¿ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Â ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ À¯ÀÔÀÌ Å©´Ù.
 
 
The number of marriage migrants grew to 211,000 last year from 127,000 in 2007, most of them women from Vietnam and other poorer Asian countries drawn to a better life in South Korea.
°áÈ¥ ÀÌÁÖÀÚÀÇ ¼ö´Â 2007³â 127,000¸í¿¡¼­ Áö³­ ÇØ 211,000¸íÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô ´Ã¾î³µ´Âµ¥, ±×µé Áß ´ë´Ù¼ö´Â º£Æ®³²À̳ª ´Ù¸¥ °¡³­ÇÑ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼­ ³²ÇÑÀÇ À±ÅÃÇÑ »îÀ» ã¾Æ ¿Â ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ´Ù.

In industrial towns, young men from Bangladesh and Pakistan toil at jobs shunned by Koreans as too dirty and dangerous, providing cheap labor that South Korea¡¯s export-driven economy needs to compete with China.
°ø¾÷Á߽ɵµ½Ãµé¿¡¼­´Â, ¹æ±Û¶óµ¥½¬¿Í ÆÄÅ°½ºÅº¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¿Â ÀþÀº ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ ³Ê¹« ´õ·´°í À§ÇèÇؼ­ ¿Ü¸éÇÑ ÀÏÀÚ¸®¿¡¼­, ³²ÇÑÀÇ ¼öÃâ Áý¾àÀû °æÁ¦¿¡¼­ Áß±¹°úÀÇ °æÀï¿¡¼­ »ì¾Æ³²±â À§ÇØ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °ª½Ñ ³ëµ¿·ÂÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ¸ç °í»ý½º·´°Ô ÀÏÇÑ´Ù.

The number of such workers almost doubled to 553,000 last year from 260,000 in 2007 — not counting those who overstay their visas and work illegally.
±×·± ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼ö´Â ºñÀڱⰣº¸´Ù ¿À·¡ ¸Ó¹«¸£¸ç ºÒ¹ýÀ¸·Î ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°íµµ 2007³â 260,000¸í¿¡¼­ ÀÛ³â 553,000¸íÀ¸·Î °ÅÀÇ µÎ ¹è°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

One of every 10 marriages in South Korea now involves a foreign spouse.
³²ÇÑÀÇ 10½ÖÀÇ °áÈ¥ Áß ÇÑ ½ÖÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ±¹Á¦°áÈ¥À» ¼ö¹ÝÇÑ´Ù.
 
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Although overall numbers of schoolchildren in South Korea have been declining — to 6.7 million this year from 7.7 million in 2007 — as a result of one of the world¡¯s lowest birth rates, the number of multiethnic students has been climbing by 6,000 a year in the same period.
¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ³·Àº Ãâ»êÀ²À» °¡Áø ³ª¶ó Áß ÇÑ ³ª¶ó°¡ µÈ °á°ú, ºñ·Ï ³²ÇÑÀÇ Àüü ÃʵîÇлýÀÇ ¼ö´Â ÁÙ¾îµé¾î ¿ÔÁö¸¸ –2007³â 770¸¸ ¸í¿¡¼­ ¿ÃÇØ 670¸¸ ¸íÀ¸·Î-, ´Ù¹ÎÁ· ÇлýÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ´Â °°Àº ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÀÏ ³â¿¡ 6õ¸í¾¿ ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.

¡°A multicultural society is not just coming; it¡¯s already here,¡± Ms. Lee, a member of the governing Saenuri Party, said in an interview at her office in the National Assembly.
¡°´Ù¹ÎÁ· »çȸ´Â ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¿Ô´Ù.¡± ¿©´çÀÎ »õ´©¸®´ç ´ç¿øÀÎ À̾¾°¡ ±¹È¸ ³» ±×³àÀÇ »ç¹«½Ç¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÀÎÅͺ信¼­ ÇÑ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.

Still, her election exposed how far South Korea remains from that ideal, suggesting a rough road ahead as it grapples with the demographic changes.
¿©ÀüÈ÷, ±×³àÀÇ ´ç¼±Àº Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ ±× ÀÌ»óÇâÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ó¸¶³ª µ¿¶³¾îÁ®ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Àα¸ÇÐÀû º¯È­¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ³ª¾Æ°¥ ¶§ ³õÀÎ Çè³­ÇÑ ±æÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. 
 

After Ms. Lee¡¯s election, anti-immigration activists warned that ¡°poisonous weeds¡± from abroad were ¡°corrupting the Korean bloodline¡± and ¡°exterminating the Korean nation¡± and urged political parties to ¡°purify¡± themselves by expelling Ms. Lee from the National Assembly.
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<¼º¸í¼­> ¾çÁÖ ¿©Áß»ý ÀÜȤ»ìÇØ 49Àç Ã߸ðÁ¦¸¦ ¸Â¾Æ¼­

Prime Minister Kim Hwang-sik has condemned such xenophobic outbursts as ¡°pathological,¡± and he urged South Koreans to take the transition to a multicultural society ¡°not as a choice, but as an imperative.¡±
±èȲ½Ä ÃѸ®´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ Çø¿ÀÀûÀÎ ºÐÃâÀ» ¡°º´ÀûÀÎ °Í¡±À¸·Î ±ÔźÇØ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ³²ÇÑÀεéÀÌ ¡°¼±ÅÃÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ±ä¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦¡±·Î ÀνÄÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¹®È­ »çȸ·Î ÀÌÇàÇϵµ·Ï Ã˱¸Çß´Ù.

The role of ethnicity in South Koreans¡¯ self-image explains why they take such pride in the success of ethnic Koreans abroad, like the new president of the World Bank, the Korean-American Jim Yong Kim.
³²ÇÑÀεéÀÇ Àھƻ󿡼­ ¹ÎÁ·¼ºÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´ÂÁö´Â ¼¼°èÀºÇàÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÃÑÀçÀÎ Çѱ¹°è ¹Ì±¹ÀÎ ±è¿ëó·³ ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ ¼º°øÇÑ ±³Æ÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ °°Àº ¹ÎÁ·À¸·Î¼­ ÀںνÉÀ» °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

It also explains why they considered it a national shame that a Korean-born American resident, Seung-Hui Cho, 23, killed 32 in a shooting rampage at Virginia Tech in 2007 before killing himself, even though he had emigrated with his family when he was 8.
±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ 2007³â Çѱ¹Å»ý ¹Ì±¹ °ÅÁÖ¹ÎÀ̾ú´ø 23»ìÀÇ Á¶½ÂÈñ°¡ ÀÚ»ìÇϱâ Àü¿¡ Virginia Tech¿¡¼­ Ãѱ⸦ ³­»çÇÏ¿© 32¸íÀ» Á×ÀÎ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿Ö Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ ±×°¡ 8»ì ¶§ ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·°ú ÇÔ²² À̹ÎÀ» ¶°³µÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í À̸¦ ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ¼öÄ¡·Î ¿©±â´ÂÁö ¼³¸íÇØ ÁØ´Ù.
 
Given this cultural backdrop, Korean policy makers face a difficult task integrating multiethnic families while avoiding the social and economic turmoil often blamed on immigrants elsewhere.
ÀÌ·± ¹®È­Àû ¹è°æÀ» °í·ÁÇØ º¼ ¶§ Çѱ¹ Á¤Ã¥ ÀÔ¾ÈÀÚµéÀº ´Ù¹ÎÁ· °¡Á·À» À¶È­½ÃÅ°´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¾Á¾ À̹ÎÀÚµéÀÇ Å¿À¸·Î µ¹·ÁÁö´Â »çȸÀû, °æÁ¦Àû È¥µ¿Àº ÇÇÇؾßÇÏ´Â ¾î·Á¿î °úÁ¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ ÀÖ´Ù.

¡°They bring religious and ethnic strife to our country, where we had none before,¡± said Kim Ky-baek, publisher of the nationalist Web site Minjokcorea and a critic of the government¡¯s policy of admitting and providing social benefits to foreign-born brides and migrant workers.
¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ½ÅºÎµé°ú ÀÌÁֳ뵿Àڵ鿡°Ô »çȸÀû ÇýÅÃÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºñÆòÇØ¿Ô´ø ¡®¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ À¥»çÀÌÆ®¡¯ ¹ßÇàÀÎ ±è±â¹é¾¾´Â ¡°±×µéÀº ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¾ø¾ú´ø Á¾±³Àû, ¹ÎÁ·Àû ºÐÀïÀ» ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡ °¡Áö°í ¿É´Ï´Ù.¡±

¡°They create an obstacle to national unification. North Korea adheres to pure-blood nationalism, while the South is turning into a hodgepodge of mixed blood.¡±
¡°±×µéÀº ±¹°¡ÅëÇÕ¿¡ Àå¾Ö¸¦ °¡Á®´ÙÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀº ¼øÇ÷Åë ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ °í¼öÇÏ°í Àִµ¥ ³²ÇÑÀº µÚÁ×¹ÚÁ× È¥Ç÷·Î º¯ÇØ°¡°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.¡± °í ¸»Çß´Ù.



This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
Correction: November 29, 2012


An earlier version of this article referred incorrectly to Seung-Hui Cho. He was a permanent resident of the United States, but not a citizen.


A version of this article appeared in print on November 30, 2012, in The International Herald Tribune.

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